the most common linear models (linear form), pay attention to understand the (vertical) intercept ((vertical) intercept), the economic significance of the slope (slope) level intercept (horizontal intercept).
demand curve down, is recognized as the mainstream view. Not to proceed with its academic definition, simply, an inverse relationship refers to the demand for quantity and price of the goods. Higher prices, demand reduction in the number, reduce the price increase in the quantity demanded. It is consistent with common sense.
problem Discrimination
from the point of view of context: the methodology of economics is not static
we look at the facts observed. Japan is GNC strategic context of transition to the cultural power from the manufacture of power. It rely on? Games, comics, animation, fashion, etc., actually become the protagonist. Under carefully Discrimination surprised to find that all of these products, more or less the characteristics of the demand curve upward. In the experience economy, the demand curve upward, not an individual, occasionally appear, but as industrial scale there. In fact, this is not a Japanese discovery, Becker study addiction behavior phenomenon has found a different rule. Kahneman won the Nobel Prize, but also along the same road "surprise attack" of economics. Of course, we can not face up to this reality, "Sometimes up," Multi-down "to deal with the past. The problem is, money does not creep up, Italian football has become today the climate, and tomorrow, Japan and South Korea's game industry over the automotive industry, acquired the country's comics more than the steel industry ... economics is always a constant face of the status quo , the total is not the answer.
demonstrate:
, the demand curve must be downward [1]
in China's economic community that the demand curve is sometimes up "no shortage. They not only write an article, an article printed in type, some also criticized the way the opponents' style of study is not correct "and" theoretical basis, however hard. Their name is not mentioned. Difficult to explain is: why such a simple principle, even depriving so many older and younger Economist mistakes!
on the stock, the reason is the same. World of incomplete information, often the price of the commodity as a quality indicator. Not so much people want to buy "expensive" the stock as they buy the "good" stock. Quality and profitability of the stock when the stock price rises, a change occurred in the investors mind to become another one different from the stock. In the graph, which should be expressed as a higher position of the "other one", but still downward-sloping demand curve, rather than a U-turn up the demand curve.
I noticed that Wang Dingding has been in the new economic factors, substantive, rather than do the superficial to the introduction of the fundamentals of economics, in the basic theory of traditional economics vigorously correction doctrine. " This in the economists, is still a rare phenomenon. So I always recommend the IT sector Wang Dingding. Xiaokai On the network, but the root is the traditional. And Wang Dingding, are essentially different. Steven Cheung is very little talk about the new economy, the feeling seems to have closed in the industrial society can not get out.
Husserl way. Yes, agree with Steven Cheung observed in the industrialized context of the conclusion of the demand curve is downward, the adaptability of the industrialized economies. Do not oppose it, but it mounts in there. In other words, when we focus on the subject of the industrialized areas of the economy, we will have a direct adoption of Zhang Wuchang conclusion.
applications:
demand curve has the following applications:
look at the issue from the perspective of my personal observation (I admit certainly has its limitations), I see things, ranging between Wang Dingding and Bataille. Although I see more examples of the demand curve upward, but Bataille's "general economics" the most important difference is, I do not think it fits all, but a specific historical stage, a specific demand structure level above the "universal" phenomenon.
demand curve is the core of one of the tools when the economics of supply and demand relationship.
In general, the more developed societies, both developed and developed regions, the opportunity to contact with the upward demand curve more. But not to say that as long as the conditions, all the needs of the people will follow up the demand curve. The needs of people, after all, is a multi-level, he may buy cabbage, acting in accordance with the downward demand curve; pay for the lovers, according to the needs of the upward curve to act. This does not mean Economic Association this fall apart, just say, the economics have to distinguish between different situations, to analyze specific issues.
Similarly, when Zhang Wuchang that the demand curve must be downward, I am not sure I believe he can stop thinking and look at the issue history where the boundaries.
first get the theoretical conclusions, according to different historical stages of the facts observed, I advocate the "suspension" .
a fixed demand curve, means that when any other conditions are constant, the inverse relationship between the price of an article to its demand. The so-called "any other conditions, including the quality of goods, the customer loved it the degree of customer personal health, age, gender, family size, etc.. Do not forget, as long as any one of these factors change, the original demand curve should move up and down, and thus become "another" a demand curve, rather than "with a" turn up the curve. Always correctly distinguish between (1) when along with a downward-sloping demand curve sliding, (2) When the entire pan downward-sloping demand curve, is that we have the core of the demand curve applications.
, I declare that, to calm on this issue, do not want to let the academic evolution of the personal attacks. I try to grasp their own people do not make me, I'm not a prisoner. The reason into this non-topic, focused primarily on solve this problem, upgrade of the structure of demand for people-oriented, and practical significance.
economists fortunately have not heard of Bataille, otherwise he bin Laden to fight against.
first made clear in my opinion, I think that the new economic practice, there is upward-sloping demand curve. Not only that, I consider not only "sometimes up" also exist as a normal "is often up. For example, in the experience economy, the upward-sloping demand curve, not the exception but the norm.
support the demand curve down a strong point of view, advocates "will be down, only down. "Sometimes down (such as Giffen goods) can not accept. The most typical is Steven Cheung. Zhang Wuchang that Giffen goods do not exist. Xiaokai misunderstood Zhang Wuchang, then, that some people do not know the "standard textbook result" in the demand curve up a Xuezhao Feng explained very well, Zhang Wuchang meant that the methodology can not be "Giffen goods. I thought, Xiaokai Although the argument of the demand curve upward on the surface of support, but from now on to say look, he just belongs to the support of the demand curve down the weaker view that most of the time "up", but to tolerate and sometimes to next. " He believes that Giffen goods "not a lot of thinking on the inside," said Zhang Wuchang only misunderstood, there is not much substance of contradictions.
economist Armen Armen Alchian once wrote: "The demand curve can have a variety of shape and slope, but definitely not any period of upward tilt (positive slope). At higher on the price, will never have greater demand for a certain price range, the demand curve can be vertical, it means in this price range, the demand has not changed, but as long as prices rise high enough, the demand on will decrease the possible price range, the demand curve is definitely not perpendicular to the law of demand is a very positive statement, it is probably the most powerful, most reliable, the most important principles of economics. "
However, in daily life, people can also be observed the opposite phenomenon: chase sell into the stock market, conspicuous consumption, and economics so-called "Giffen goods". Guess of the demand curve upward so they will inevitably arise: the higher the price to buy more, the lower the price of the more not to buy.
of course, not necessarily the same kind of consumption, with the nature of the consumer. Americans buy a car, for example, the Chinese people to buy a car, the former as a means of transport to meet development needs, so the demand curve is downward; latter is likely to meet self-actualization needs, so the demand curve up. Some may say that the consumer is not because of high prices, but because of the good quality of the expected high price of things, seeing the quality is good. But I've seen a boss to buy a car, the first delineation of a high-priced space, so that the driver casually decided to buy the kind of car, but it must be imported. The results buy an imported B-Class. Spend the same money to buy China-made cars (some with the only difference between the imported cars just wheel win came to the domestic "assembly"), you can buy quality, service and grade of the higher-level C-class car. But the owner is very satisfied with his choice.
people in the past may be ignored, and the demand curve up, down, the demand curve faced by the demand may be different in nature. I have a discovery: the case of the demand curve upward, mostly focused on the needs of nature are self-fulfilling. I had this situation with Toffler discussed, he agreed with my judgment.
not the case. "Sometimes school up to" forget the most basic premise: a demand curve can only represent a fixed items, but sometimes on behalf of a goods, sometimes on behalf of another. We can not draw an upward curve, explained that it the first half of the "rotten egg" means "fresh eggs" in the second half of "egg" and then assert that the demand curve is upward-sloping. We can not draw a wavy line, explained that it the first half of primary school diploma, middle high school diploma World Steel Pipe News , said a university degree in the latter half, and then assert that the "diploma" demand curve is upward and downward upward fluctuations.
, personal demand curve (Individual Demand Curve): Individual consumers are willing to buy a certain number of products to its the relationship between the price;
supply absolute or relative universal excess.
things like this. The whole economics building, the most important cornerstone of "demand first law. It is said: When other conditions remain unchanged, the greater the cost of and demand for the smaller; or the smaller the cost, the greater the demand. This law can be represented graphically. Traditionally, the horizontal axis represents the demand for vertical axis represents the price, the law of demand can be drawn into a curve from the upper left to lower right corner of the most basic features of this curve is right next tilt ".
1, when the price or demand of goods might sell the maximum amount (the maximum amount of a good that will be purchased if a given price is charged);
Specifically, with talk about needs, each of the background is completely different. Bataille system kernel and methodological context, is a primitive society (corresponding to the historical facts of his teacher Moss research potlatch era) and post-modern society; Zhang Wuchang of context, is a typical industrial society (including the Rural industrialization point of view); Wang Dingding context in industrialization and information technology. The more avant-garde, Bobby Luke needs doctrine, the corresponding stage of the history of the post-Internet era. Some controversy, 关公战秦琼. To their respective context deprived of their point of view of non-fight not.
, I think, Preference, Steven Cheung, Xiaokai, Bataille ...... In a sense, all of A sense, refers to the historical stage of the methodology. Each point of view, behind the system kernel and methodology has its own specific background conditions on the territory of their own language whenever they can do the theory of self-consistent, "right".
third, opposed to a specific historical stage where the universalization of the eternal condition.
Second, the structure of demand from the survival, development, upgrade to self-realization.
Secondly, I object to the conclusions in different contexts to be confused with or applied to different contexts.
2, to a number of specific commodities, the price customers are willing to pay (the maximum the consumers will pay for a specific amount of a good).
market, the industry demand curve slope is greater than the slope of the individual demand curves; corporate demand curve slope is less than the slope of the industry demand curve.
these arguments specious. According to their understanding, far more than in stocks and jewelry, the world of any commodity, can overthrow the "needs of the first law. Is not it, rotten eggs, old car, washboard, black and white TV, are relatively cheap, but it might gain less; In contrast, eggs, new cars, washing machines, color TV, are more expensive, but people still have to much more.
investors chasing stocks to buy "more expensive", because they thought that "more expensive" is "better", and they already plan to buy the stock of "good". We buy more expensive "cars, do not buy the" cheaper "bike. The cars are indeed more expensive than a bicycle, but the reason why we buy cars rather than buy a bike, because we are already going to buy "good" means of transport, but not for more expensive, more buy "before buying the car.
demand curve is price and demand relationship curve refers to the table or curve of the other conditions are the same in each price level, buyers willing to purchase the amount of commodities. Where demand can not be observed World Pipe network informed. The demand curve can be any shape, be able to meet the demand curve of the demand theorem can be tilted to the right under.
"sometimes upward School" further argues: community, like jewelry and diamonds to show off, they also have a "more expensive to buy more" phenomenon. Since it is a show off, we will be more expensive, customers willing to buy; if to show off a decline in value, people will buy less. Therefore, the existence of the show off, but also overturned the demand curve must be down "law. And so on.
I now live in the context of see from the main point of the new economy (see "Experience Economy"). Although I see the experience economy, the demand curve upward instance, Steven Cheung said the demand curve downward, including the "must" down, not opposed. Think it is right. Corresponding Adam Smith, the historical fact that for hundreds of years now. The historical stage of the mainstream of the fact that the demand curve downward.
English: Demand Curve
self-realization can have many forms, one is the pursuit of peak experience, can be subdivided into addictive social experience (sport, sports, gaming), the addictive nature experience (smoke, wine), the addictive nature of personal experience (PC games), addictive art experience (pop star); a position of fame and fortune, for pomp, face, and talk about identity; a pursuit of art and fashion ; the pursuit of social identity (weddings and funerals) .... Those who enter this interval, may chase sell into the phenomenon.
oversupply and lack of demand, the macroeconomic imbalances caused by microscopic changes in behavior, the traditional approach is to pour the milk into the sea to solve the economic crisis. Cairns found that war is a solution. Bataille is the Keynesian theory of the micro. Bataille different matched normal demand and supply, with excess supply does not match the needs of a different nature. For the latter, there must be a macroscopic pressure so that the demand curve up consumption. It is said that mice in population density more than population survival limit, adjusted to balance the density required to take collective suicide. By Bataille theory, the same instinct of the human behind the disposal is the distribution of negative entropy and the environment. When the environment can not carry the system too high level of negative entropy, there will be a high-energy release requirements. Demand curve upward, is the objective needs of high-energy release. The Bataille think war is the biggest chase sell into ways to solve the lack of demand of human self-regulation behavior. The principle is very simple, war, a demand the price is higher the more people pay for the collective "purchasing" is a high-energy release. Similarly, Wolfgang Laci Le luxury to bring prosperity and students chase singers, all belong to the demand curve upward in the energy-release state.
support the view of the demand curve upward, according to advocates adhere to varying degrees, there are strengths and weaknesses. The weakest point of view and Xiaokai demand curve upward, is a rare phenomenon, is an exception, "not a lot of thinking on the inside; moderate intensity, and that the demand curve is sometimes up, sometimes down. Wang Dingding point of view, somewhat equate the meaning of the demand curve upward, on the "law" on a discussion (Wang Dingding distinguish between different theorems and laws). The strongest point of view rarely seen, is in favor of the demand curve upward, and may become a common phenomenon, the demand curve down is the exception. Economics Nietzsche Bataille's "general economy" is essentially this claim actually take the demand curve upward when the theorem.
types:
, the demand curve can be divided into the following three categories:
If everyone gives to their drawn the correct conclusion is based on the historical particularity, as the eternal assumptions and conclusions to other extension of the conditions and environment, will be guilty of dogmatism. errors. Historical conditions
demand curve with the curve represents the demand relationship, the demand function. The demand curve is a visual description of the demand function, it captures the main factors of the demand price (independent variable), the longitudinal axis of said horizontal axis shows the demand for the product (dependent variable).
new economy with upward demand curve matching
in the demand curve is downward up controversy, there is a treatment, will be upward demand curve, processed into number of downward demand curve, I think this is in a half-hearted, not to resolve substantive problems. We must address the demand curve downward in real terms the contrary, rather than misunderstanding.
on behind these phenomena more general laws of economics, consult some well-known American scholar. I formed that are not quite sure, but slowly toward the amorphous guess: the new economy (mainly the Experience Economy) steady upward demand curve, generally accompanied by the following conditions:
3 business demand curve (Firm, Demand Curve): a company, all customers are willing to buy a product to the enterprise The relationship between the number of its price.
expression form of
demand relationship has a variety of forms of expression such as: narrative method, described in words directly; function method to describe the demand function demand function; graphic method, the demand curve, demand curve to Description; table method: to describe the demand schedule demand the schedule. Several expression to some extent, interchangeable.
, the market demand curve (Market Demand Curve): on the market, all consumers are willing to buy the relationship between the number of a product and its price. Horizontal sum obtained by the individual needs of each consumer curve by the industry, the market demand curve;
and so on, lamp, toffee, air conditioning, toilet, should belong to overthrow the "needs of the first law of" show off ", because the relative candles, saccharin, fans and pit People are more expensive, more to buy ". Any article can be found in the more inferior alternatives, then any item can be regarded as a "show off"; since more high-quality goods (the higher the price), people will be more (the greater the demand), then The demand curve for these items is not "sometimes" up, but "always" up.
you may not want to "inferior" quality stocks or precious stones (for the position of the lower demand curve), and want a "better quality" stocks or precious stones (expressed as the location is more high demand curve). However, as long as people want to free you (less costly), you want more (and larger) demand. In other words, even for expensive, high-level or "expected return" goods, as long as the price that you pay, the lower you demand it, which means higher demand curve for the piece of position is still down tilt.
opposed to the demand curve is inevitable down "that" sometimes up "demand curve. Their reasons are this: the economic and social existence "more expensive to buy more" phenomenon. Such as stocks. The low price of the stock is garbage, not of favor; But when the stock soared, we will be optimistic, willing to pay. This iron-clad facts to overthrow the demand curve must be down "law, in other words, the overthrow of the" cost of the higher demand for the smaller, "the law.
demand curve can often up [2]
on the existence of upward sloping demand curve "domestic economic circles has been debated for many years. Controversy, Wang Dingding and Zhang Wuchang. The former think there is upward sloping demand curve, the latter that the demand curve must be downward. With the allies entered the war by both sides or more and more students, more recently, hilarious.
explain the phenomenon, the resulting differences.
Steven Cheung stressed that the purity of the methodology, there is no problem. The practice of industrialization, industrialization theory, he is self-consistent. But if the demand curve down, used to explain the original gift economy, or post-modern experience economy, I think is inappropriate. This inappropriate not to say that the conclusion itself is wrong, but that the conclusions and conditions do not match.