types of trade barriers
trade barriers, also known as trade barriers. Artificial restrictions on foreign commodity labor exchange set, mainly refers to one country, the various restrictions imposed on foreign labor imports of goods. Generally divided into two types of tariff and non-tariff barriers. A variety of artificial measures are barriers to trade in broad terms, where the normal trade hindered the role of market competition mechanism disturbed areas. From the same role such as import duties or other taxes; circulation of commodities of all kinds of quantitative restrictions; all kinds of discrimination between producers, between purchasers or users between the implementation of measures or practices (especially with regard to prices or trading conditions and aspects of freight); a variety of subsidies granted by the State or to impose a variety of special burden; and divided the scope of the market or to reap additional profits by introducing a variety of restrictive practices. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of the implementation of tariff liberalization, trade liberalization of goods and services trade barriers, tariffs, made great progress in other areas but have little effect. Some form of trade barriers is weakened, and other forms of trade barriers has increased, and a variety of new trade barriers but endless.
With the increasing of the members of WTO and other international trade organizations and the establishment of regional organizations, such as NAFTA and other non-member tariff barriers for both types of organizations also play a role. Is worth noting that the role of non-tariff barriers in the international arena is on the rise, or an upward trend. Some developed countries to use its own technical advantages of certification requirements on products from other countries, has greatly hindered the underdeveloped and developing countries manufactures exports; but only the primary products of the resource. Exacerbated the economic and trade development gap between North and South. In addition, the developed countries, as well as some developed even developing countries are increasingly adopting anti-dumping measures, but also non-tariff barriers one World pipe network reported that the world's steel pipe network to provide the world's steel pipe network editor . In our case, the quota permit system belongs to the latter.
So-called tariff barriers, import and export commodities through the customs territory of one country by the government is set to the importers and exporters, the customs levy tariffs formed a kind of trade barriers. Divided on the tariffs for the purpose of, tariffs, there are two: First, financial duties, its main purpose is to increase state revenue; protective tariff, its main purpose is to protect their own economic development and levied on imports of foreign goods The amount of customs duties. The higher the protective tariff, the protection of the greater role, or even effectively banning imports.
Non-tariff barriers is outside of the tariff import restrictions, measures the formation of trade barriers can be divided into direct restrictions and indirect restrictions two categories. Directly restricting imports State to take certain measures to directly limit the number or amount of the imported goods, such as import quotas, import licensing system, foreign exchange control, import minimum price. Indirect restrictions to formulate strict rules and regulations on imported goods indirectly limit imports of goods, such as discriminatory government procurement policies, demanding technical standards, health and safety regulations, inspection and packaging, labeling requirements, and various other mandatory technical regulations.
Foreign (or regional) government or to support the implementation of measures in one of the following circumstances be regarded as trade barriers:
l The violation of the country (or regions) and China to participate in multilateral trade treaties or China signed bilateral trade agreements;
2 for our products or services into the country (or regional) market or a third country (or regional) market constitute or may constitute an unreasonable obstruction or limit;
3 caused or may cause unreasonable damage to our products or services in the country (or regional) market or a third country (or regional) competitiveness of the market.
Foreign (or regional) government fails to perform and China participated in multilateral trade treaties or obligations of China signed bilateral trade agreements provisions, but also seen as barriers to trade.
Practice more common barriers to trade in the following areas: tariff measures breach of the undertaking; the lack of rules based on import restrictions (including customs restrictions, taxes, import bans, import licensing, etc.); lack of scientific based on technical regulations, product standards, conformity assessment procedures, sanitary and phytosanitary measures; unreasonable anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures, trade remedy measures; government procurement in violation of the rules to limit the practice of imported products; export restrictions; subsidies; access to trade in services and operating restrictions; unreasonable trade-related intellectual property measures; other trade barriers.
international trade barriers into tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers World Steel Pipe News , set the purpose is a violation of the governments to protect its economy from foreign products. However, the excessive trade protection is not conducive to the development of a country's economy. The WTO, the WTO, it is the advocacy of free trade for the purpose. After joining the WTO, China's export is the case with tariff barriers gradually weakened, and the textile quota phasing out. At the same time, encountered other barriers to trade severe than previously, which is reflected in the following areas:
1, foreign anti-dumping against Chinese products, the intensity of increase. China's anti-dumping countries, not only Europe and the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan and other developed countries, there are some developing countries such as Turkey, Egypt, India, Korea; involved in both commodity industry, electromechanical industry, both manufactured goods, minerals and aquaculture products; data show that since the 1990s, China's anti-dumping cases accounting for 1/7-1/6 of the world's total, while this proportion is greatly increased after the accession to the WTO, China has become a foreign anti-dumping target countries.
, Technical barriers has become a major obstacle to China's exports. Broad technical barriers to trade, including technical regulations, technical standards and conformity assessment procedures, quarantine, inspection system and measures, packaging and labeling requirements, barriers to IT, as well as green barrier five. Technical barriers to trade faced by China's export products from the United States, European Union and Japan; industry is mainly involved in agriculture, textile and garment industry, light industry, electromechanical, Minerals and Chemicals, and medical care industry. The data show that China has 70 percent of export enterprises and 40 percent of export products encounter technical barriers to trade restrictions.
3, China's export products are also subject to restrictions such as "337" provisions in the United States as the representative of intellectual property protection, as well as from Europe and the United States and other countries to China in particular the transitional safeguard mechanism legislative restrictions.
barriers to trade performance of many forms, valid for all trade barriers are endless, so the following list is not exhaustive. Trade barriers affect the types of trade standards, trade barriers can be divided into the following five:
(a) trade in goods: tariff barriers (tariff barriers)
1, the tariff concessions (tariff reduction)
2, the classification of the Customs Tariff (tariff classification)
For example, the tariff classification of imported products, the customs officials have too much discretion, the importers is difficult to foresee the future tariff applicable to the same imported products.
3, tariff peaks (tariff peaks)
Despite the concessional level of the tariff reduction schedule prescribed still maintain high tariffs in specific product areas.
4, tariff rate quotas (tariff quotas)
imported products within a certain number (quota volume) applies to the lower tariff rates, higher tax rates apply to more than the quota amount of imported products. In practice, the quota amount of inappropriate practices in the issuance and management processes often become barriers to trade. Abuse following measures
(b) Trade in goods: non-tariff barriers (non-tariff barriers)
, often acting as barriers to trade in goods:
import licensing, import licensing
export license (export licensing)
import quotas (import quotas)
import prohibitions (import prohibition)
the technical barriers to trade (technical barriers to trade)
export restrictions (export restrictions)
government procurement (government procurement)
local content requirements (domestic content regulations)
state has exclusive control of import and export trade (the operations of the import State Trading Enterprises,,)
health and phytosanitary measures (sanitary and phytosanitary measures)
anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures, trade remedy measures (anti-dumping, countervailing, safeguards and other trade remedy measures)
(c) hinder trade-related investment measures
investment access limit the scope of access restrictions
, tax discrimination (tax discrimination)
3, the limit of foreign equity (foreign ownership restrictions)
(d) prevent measures of trade in services
1, restricted access (access restrictions)
2, the limit of foreign equity (foreign ownership restrictions)
(5) prevent the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights the measures
on knowledge property protection is not enough.
According to the manifestations of trade barriers, the barriers to trade is divided into the following four:
1 Legislation (legislation) the provisions of trade barriers;
: in the form of laws, regulations, ordinances, administrative decisions (administrative decisions): an executive decision, executive order, directive form of the provisions of trade barriers;
3, policy and public opinion (policy or consensus): Government to take or support policy, public opinion and propaganda to influence their own nationals, such as the use of domestic products, discrimination imported products;
practices (practices): For example, a short period of time is inappropriate and frequent use of anti-dumping measures, local protectionism, corruption, bureaucracy. Characteristics of
barriers to international trade
(of Barrier to trade)