Ronald McKinnon, professor (Ronald I. The Mckinnon)
, Stanford University, founder of the contemporary theory of financial development
in 1956, the University of Alberta Bachelor of Arts degree, University of Minnesota in 1961. doctorate. He taught at Stanford University, Department of Economics for a long time, since 1984 has served as professor of international economics in the Department of W. D. according to Bell (William D. Eberle, director for).
His long-term monetary policy and professional advice for economic and financial development for the IMF, the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, as well as the governments of developing countries.
Professor McKinnon is the world's first analysis of "financial repression" pose a serious obstacle to economic development economist. Money and capital in his first book, "Economic Development" successfully analyzed the harm of financial repression, for the foundation of the theory of financial development. Given to financial control in the transition to market economies, "a book in the order of economic liberalization - the order of the policy of financial liberalization, developing countries, especially the transformation of centrally planned economies, including China, to produce far-reaching implications.
McKinnon, professor of international, regional currency exchange rate arrangements attainments. Him after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, East Asian currencies anchored "proposition, causing a strong reaction. McKinnon, professor of East Asian Exchange Rate Dilemma and the World Dollar Standard, "a book is clear that the U.S. dollar as the idea of the monetary standard in East Asia and the proposition to reduce the fluctuations in exchange rates, maintain financial stability role and significance. ,
Two. Rhode Rick the McKinnon
biochemist, Nobel Prize winner in 2003 (February 19, 1956 -)
RoderickMackinnon experience very legendary. Nobel winners like him so magical, very rare.
He was born in Boston in a snowstorm. Civilian family, the father was a postman, seven brothers and sisters, difficulties in early life, but his parents encourage him to study.
MacKinnon is a MD was born, but not the MD ph.D. his early years at Brandeis to do post-doctoral study potassium channels, and later got a Harvard assistant professor positions, made a myriad of Nature, Science article. Interestingly, up to that time, he did not understand Crystallography, only biochemistry. He realized that to solve the problem of potassium channels, and must make use of the means of structural biology. However, there were two difficulties:
he did not understand the X-ray diffraction;
potassium channel is a membrane protein, is extremely difficult to crystallization, this study too difficult, very difficult to get funds. The
To solve the first problem, he ran back to Brandeis to seek the help of his post-doctoral mentor, study of the X-ray Crystalllography. To solve the second problem, he and rockefeller, results the rockefeller willing to accept him, funded him for this extreme adventure. Funny thing is, he is a person to the Rockefeller University, a postdoctoral fellow in the Harvard laboratory are not willing to come with him because they all feel sure that usually do not.
Two years later, he solved the structure of a potassium channel. New Year's Day 1998, to Roderick finally see the diffraction of the protein structure of the potassium channel, immediately became the breaking news. NIH report to Congress on the results (in 1999, MacKinnon discovery accounted for 1/3 of the report length.
This, MacKinnon, fame. The 1999 lasker medicalaward (50% of this award winners have won the Nobel Prize) in 2000 was elected Fellow of the American Academy of fact everyone thought he should win the Nobel Prize, but his winning was too fast.
MacKinnon, in the crystal structure, see: ion must water molecules to form molecules wrapped in order to successfully enter the cell through the cell membrane of these small molecules of water to carry oxygen and nutrients, into the cell by the cell membrane water channel, leaving the cells to take away all kinds of waste, and promote cell growth development, the cells more dynamic, while avoiding the loss of function due to poisoning of the cells.
as early as the mid-19th century, scientists have put forward the hypothesis of the pore membrane the presence of water and ion flow in the 1950s to the 1980s, people membrane a selective filtration device to prevent the ions, but not charged small molecules of water can freely access. scientists imagine the channel has never been found, looking for channels and to clarify its function is quite a long time has been Scientists focus of the study.
until 1990, U World Steel Pipe News .S. scientists Peter Agre the first time that a water channel; 1998 U.S. scientists to Roderick MacKinnon, for the first time show at the atomic level of ion channels that we have the activities of the molecules have a basic understanding, to create an entirely new field of biochemistry and biology due to the contribution of the structure and function studies of membrane water channel (Water Channels) and ion channels (Ion Channels), Peter Agre and to Roderick MacKinnon, 2003 on October 8 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
electric rays (Torpedo fish) a ClC protein, called ClC-0. electric rays have been able to discharge, what puts a lot of the mammalian of ClC ClC -0 single-channel current was recorded, but this current and ClC structure has been unclear. of ClC Why selective chloride ion rather than by the cation of potassium and sodium and the like, of ClC Opening and closing is how to control these problems have been plaguing a lot of ion channelists.
2002 Mackinnon's team crystallization of ClC-ec1 structure. As mentioned earlier, ClC E.Coli which relatives of ClC-ec1 is to Roderick looked at the structure and use of his rich imagination, and successfully resolved a lot about the function and structure between the ClC, and 11 to be confirmed. a well-known example is the last 1990s, the number of channels of dispute is ClC how several channels (some channel there are several pores, can be independent by the ion). school of thought is only one channel, and have done a lot of experiments show that; those who think ClC two identical holes through ion , there are a lot of experimental evidence for the two factions fought for several years but the roderick make protein structure ultimately prove holes theory is correct (if you have time, I can the next topic to discuss this battle of the channel number). In addition, This structure has also successfully predicted the ClC selectivity the filters (to control the selective motifs,) and gates (control channel currents or motifs World pipe network reported that the world's steel pipe network to provide the world's steel pipe network editor , current speed).