The macroscopic theory of the the thermodynamic
the thermodynamics
thermal science, thermal properties of the transformation from the energy point of view the study of matter and to clarify the macroscopic laws of energy converted from one form to another form that should be followed. Thermodynamics is based on the experimental results gathered from systems theory, it does not involve the interaction of the material microstructure and micro-particles, and does not involve the specific nature of the particular substance is a phenomenological macroscopic theory, with a high degree of reliability and universality. Thermodynamics
complete theoretical system is constituted by a few fundamental laws and the corresponding basic state functions, these fundamental laws are a large number of experimental facts established under. Regardless of the number of objects in contact with each other to achieve thermal equilibrium, and if the object A at the same time in equilibrium with B, C, two objects, B, C, two objects in contact certainly is the law of equilibrium without undergoing new changes, the heat balance called the zeroth law of thermodynamics. It can be the introduction of a state function of temperature, the temperature is to determine whether the system with other systems to each other the sign of the heat balance.
Thermodynamics first law is the law of conservation of energy, the latter is a concrete manifestation of all macroscopic process involving thermal phenomena. Describe the state of the system thermal motion energy function is the internal energy. For power, heat transfer, the system with the outside world exchange energy, change the.
Second law of thermodynamics pointed out that all the thermal phenomena of the macro process is irreversible. It sets out the direction of the energy in these processes convert or pass, the conditions and limitations. The corresponding state function of entropy World Pipe network informed, entropy changes specified in the direction of thermodynamic processes, the size of the entropy reflects the stability of the system state in which
Third law of thermodynamics pointed out that absolute zero is impossible to achieve. Above the laws of thermodynamics, as well as three basic state function of temperature, internal energy and entropy constitutes a complete theory of thermodynamics system. To discuss the thermodynamic properties of the system state in a variety of conditions, but also the introduction of some auxiliary state functions, such as enthalpy, Helmholtz function (free energy), the Gibbs function.
Starting from the basic laws of thermodynamics, the application of these state functions and linkages of the various characteristics of steady state, after mathematical deduction, this is the thermodynamics, but also the basic content of thermodynamics. The thermodynamic theory is the universality of the theory are applicable to all substances, which is its characteristics. In relation to the specific nature of a particular substance, the thermodynamics of the general relationship with the corresponding special laws combined. For example, when discussing the ideal gas, the need to use the ideal gas equation of state, and so on. Equilibrium thermodynamic theory has been well-established, and a wide range of applications.
In nature, in the non-equilibrium thermodynamic system (physical, chemical, biological) and irreversible thermodynamic processes abound, and many important phenomena. The non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes is an important area under development. See thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
Thermodynamic theory developed from the late 18th century, mainly between the research power and thermal energy conversion. The definition of this function for the force and displacement of the inner product; but the heat is defined as the energy transfer caused by the temperature difference between the boundary of the thermal system. Neither is the nature of the heat system, but produced in the thermal process.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: on the relationship between heat balance and temperature. Note: assume that objects A and B, the individual and the object C to reach thermal equilibrium world pie network information , then three two two objects ABC each other to reach thermal equilibrium.
Thermodynamics first law: a special form of the energy conservation law ─ ─ in a closed system, all kinds of energy, the form can be transformed, but neither a vacuum, it will not suddenly disappear.
Eint = Eint, f - Eint, i = Q - the W
second law of thermodynamics: isolated systems entropy (disorder) will not reduce ─ ─ In short, the heat can not spontaneously go to the heat from the cold any hot objects without heat, gradually cooling.
△ S ≥ 0
third law of thermodynamics: limited program to reach absolute zero-in other words, absolute zero can never be achieved. Thermodynamic system
of thermodynamic system is a thermodynamic analysis of the object, can be divided into three kinds the:
isolated system (isolated system): The system does not exchange energy or mass with the outside world. Closed system (closed system): the energy exchange with the outside world without exchange quality. Open system (open system): the system energy and mass exchange with the outside world.